Research.LeutholdGroup

Defined Outcome and Derivative Income ETFs each offer attractive features in the form of modified payout or income characteristics. However, these benefits come at a cost of limited upside, and a “buyer beware” approach should be taken to weighing their pros and cons. Sustained bull markets reveal the true impact of trading potential upside for considerable benefits in the here and now. This study attempts to quantify the opportunity costs of capped funds using 2023-24 as a particularly harsh test case.

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The latest CPI report came in a tad hotter than consensus. Policies are likely the key driver of economic outcomes, including inflation, and we should get ready for more volatility going forward.

We believe stock market leadership will transition from Growth to Value in 2025. The P/E premium commanded by Growth stocks relative to Value is high, although not (yet?) quite as extreme as at the Y2K Technology bubble peak.

When the S&P 500 made all-time highs the week of Thanksgiving and the following week, we viewed it as “risky, but not toppy.” Today, it is every bit as risky, but now looks toppy, too. There’s enough “wrong” with the picture that if the market immediately began to fall apart, the technical crowd would be able to cry, “It was obvious!”

There were two new group positions this month: Internet Services & Infrastructure and Hotels & Leisure. Trading Companies & Distributors was sold.

After an initial post-election surge, hopes of a small-cap Trump bump seem to be fading. Since election day through the end of January, the Equal Weighted S&P 500 (+1.9%) has essentially matched the S&P 600 (+2.1%).

Bond market reactions are consistent with the historical norm, so far, and suggest that a reversal of the current bear steepening is more likely than not.

The year 2024 will go down as one of the most hostile environments for active investors in the last 30 years. Style, size, and absolute market returns all have an impact on the relative performance of active versus passive portfolios; the fourth quarter continued a trend that has been in place for over two years.

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It depends on who you ask. Non-equity investors might think the Trump trades are playing out just like in 2016. Over the last few months, FX traders and bond investors could have followed the 2016 script and made out like bandits (Charts 1 & 2). However, at this juncture, it might be time to at least take some chips off the table—if the 2016 analog stays intact, both the U.S. dollar and interest rates are poised to change course over the next few months. Near-term knee-jerk reactions aside (stronger dollar, lower yields), the newly announced tariffs will likely impact growth more than anything else, which would make it hard to sustain a stronger dollar and higher rates. 

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• Read the latest MTI update

This study provides an initial look at 2024 factor returns, paced by a 25% gain for the S&P 500 index. Three factors topped the S&P (one by just a smidgen) while eight fell short, a ratio we will later see is typical for exuberant bull markets. Of the laggards, six trailed the S&P by more than 10% with a seventh just sneaking inside that ignominious cut point, and their shortfalls contributed to an average factor spread of -6.3% for the eleven contenders.  We also find that 2024 was an echo of an even tougher 2023 when the S&Ps 26.3% return was also driven by mega-cap growth, causing nine factors to lag the index with an average shortfall of -9.0%. Two consecutive years with similarly spectacular yet narrow S&P returns led to significant underperformance across our basket of factors and motivated us to try to understand more about this phenomenon.

December’s Core CPI figures we’re cooler than expected. Markets reversed out some of the damage caused by Friday’s hot jobs report. The market is pricing in only one or two Fed cuts in 2025, down dramatically from this fall.

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New Years Eve 2024 was a party to remember for the 4% Club (stocks with a minimum 4% weight in the S&P 500). Thanks to December’s ridiculously top-heavy performance, a record five firms toasted the new year in the VIP-only Club (Chart 1). For most of the past five years, membership had been limited to two or three companies. Before that, the Club’s March 2000 high-water mark of three firms seemed unobtainable—and, with a little hindsight, a laughable signpost of the Tech Bubble. Well, who’s laughing now?

In the theme that’s reminiscent of all but a few of the last 16 years, the optimal strategy for equity managers and asset allocators in 2024 was the same: Buy the S&P 500, and then hit the links. There is statistical support for doing exactly same thing in 2025. 

Commemorating the Y2K Tech bubble today is not necessarily premature, since December 1999 was the valuation peak of that bubble—and indeed of all U.S. stock market history. Buying the S&P 500 at the end of the last century might therefore be considered the worst-timed stock market entry ever.

One can’t blame the stock market for not hinting that 2024 was going to be a barn burner. It did. On January 2, 2024, a critical “breadth-thrust” signal was triggered and, true to historical form, SPX delivered a 20%-plus gain through the next twelve months. Notably, an impressive aspect of the breadth-thrust track record remains intact: The index has never registered a 12-month loss after any these signals.

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Momentum was the best performing factor for 2024 - and it wasn’t really close. Growth continued to perform better within large caps compared to small caps. Sentiment and growth were also positive while, no surprise, value was negative again.

Over the entire history of this study, the momentum plays of our “Dreams” and “Nightmares” have worked both ways. Like everything else, our Dreams fell short of the Cap Weighted S&P 500 in 2024. However, the spread of Dreams over the Nightmares was fairly impressive.

Overall, most patterns suggest a decent year for global equity markets. Expectations are already very high, though, and that leaves much less room for error. We strongly caution against extrapolating U.S. equities’ 2024 performance into 2025.

Our previous update reported that eight of ten factors outperformed the S&P 500, leading us to hope that maybe, just maybe, the market was broadening out from its narrow focus on mega-cap growth. Those hopes were dashed in the fourth quarter, as only two of ten factors managed to outperform the index.

The turning of the calendar is a time to reflect on the past year’s returns and analyze the relative performance of various asset classes. For 2024, no matter what equity theme is under the microscope, the yearly recap is bound to point to the very same explanation—Nvidia and mega-cap tech.

Read the latest MTI update

Read this week's Major Trend.

A Collateralized Loan Obligation is a special purpose vehicle designed to hold a portfolio of highly leveraged corporate loans in a structure that modifies the risk profile of the underlying loans.  A CLO funds its asset purchases by issuing securities backed by the loan portfolio.  These liabilities are layered in tranches defined by seniority and credit protection, ranging from AAA to B with a final equity buffer at the base of the capital structure.  CLOs have historically been the province of large asset managers, and it is only in recent years that smaller investors have been able to access CLOs simply and easily through an exchange traded fund.  Viewing CLO ETFs as a new option in our fixed income toolbox, we felt a deeper investigation was in order.

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The latest CPI report was largely in line with consensus. The combination of easy monetary and expansive fiscal policy, from both the U.S. and China, materially raises the risk of higher inflation over the next year.

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Sharply rising projections for EPS are a reason this market doesn’t seem quite as bubbly as its price tag suggests. Barring a sudden collapse, 2024 will be just the third year in which forward earnings estimates and the forward P/E multiple both increase by more than 10%.

Big November gains in 2022 and 2023 were clearly kick-off events, while the more speculative backdrop of late 2024 makes the latest November jump look more like a blow-off. Nonetheless, market internals do not reflect a bull that’s ready to top out: The S&P 500 simply has too much companionship at recent highs, including cyclical stocks, financials, and small caps.

The election gave small caps and Financials a boost, but didn’t help value stocks as hoped. Momentum and growth were the main winners within large caps, while no factors worked well among small caps, where more speculative names benefited.

One of the benefits of exchange traded funds is the ability for investors to access complicated or non-traditional strategies in a simple easy-to-trade wrapper. We recently reviewed covered call funds and buffer funds, two option-based positions that are now available through ETFs. This month, we examine another multifaceted security that has recently become easier to obtain thanks to new ETF launches.

Financials had another boost as the sector should thrive under the new administration. Among others, less regulatory oversight and weaker capital controls are apt to improve profitability. Within Info Tech, several industries that contain top AI-beneficiaries have deteriorated; both Semiconductors and Tech Hardware Storage & Peripherals are now rated Unattractive.

Revenues progressed for 75% of S&P 500 companies reporting, but only 60% of those realized gains in operating income. Pretax and net income continued to drop, such that headway in the bottom-line was positive for barely more than half of the firms.

The S&P 500 returned to its winning ways in November, logging its largest monthly advance (+5.7%) in a year; over the last 13 months, the index has a price gain of 44%.  

With the second month of Q3 reporting complete, the ratio of up-earnings to down-earnings was an improvement over the same period last quarter and the highest “two-month” figure in two years. Still, this vignette is hovering in the grey zone of results that aren’t deemed recessionary but are decidedly below average.